2020 SCIENCELINE  
Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research  
Volume 10, Issue 2: 59-65; March 25, 2020  
ISSN 2228-7701  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr8  
PREVALENCE OF BOVINE GASTRO INTESTINAL PARASITIC  
INFECTION IN AND AROUND KOMBOLCHA TOWN  
  
Abraham AYELE1, Murad ABAY2, Mastewal BIRHAN2 , Muluken YAYEH2, Maryie ERARA2, Tilahun  
GESSESE2, Addisu MOHAMMED3 and Gedefaw DEMOZE2  
College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal science, Department veterinary Paraclinical studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia  
Email: maste65@gmail.com;  
: 0000-0002-0984-5582  
Supporting Information  
ABSTRACT: A cross-sectional study was conducted in and around Kombolcha from October 2017 to April 2018  
to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes parasites in cattle. A total of 384 randomly selected  
cattle were sampled and examined using standard coprological procedure. The overall prevalence was 39.8% of  
gastrointestinal (GI) helminthes and the prevalent helminthes eggs identified were 15.6% Paramphistomum  
species (spp), 10.4% strongly type eggs, 8.6% Fasciola spp., 3.1% Trichuris species and 2.1% Toxocaraspecies.  
This result indicated the highest prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. eggs than other helminthes egg and the  
lowest prevalence of Toxocara species egg. There was statistically significant difference among the age groups  
in paramphistomum and strongly infection (χ2=24.960, p≤0.001) and (χ2=17.047, p≤0.001) respectively.  
Higher prevalence rate was shown in 2-5 years age of cattle. Between body conditions there was also significant  
(p≤0.000 and p≤0.013) difference in paramphistomum and strongly and which was higher in moderate animals  
and lower in animals with good body condition. Sex had no significant effect on the prevalence of helminthes  
parasite, except for strongly type of egg. The present study revealed that there is high prevalence of GI  
helminthes infection in cattle in the study area. Therefore, strategic prevention should be advocated to prevent  
the problem in and around Kombolcha.  
Keywords: Cattle, Gastrointestinal, Prevalence, Helminthes parasites, Kombolcha  
INTRODUCTION  
Ethiopia is a home for about 54 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep, 24.06 million goats, 7 million equines, 1.25 million  
camels and 42.1 million poultry. From the total cattle population 98.95% is local breeds with the remaining bear hybrid  
and exotic breeds (CSA, 2013). In Ethiopia, livestock play an important role in the livelihood of poor farmers as it provides  
a vast range of services and products such as meat, milk, skin, hair, horns, bones, manure and urine, security, gifts,  
religious rituals and medicine (Yami and Merkel, 2008). In spite of the large population of cattle, productivity in Ethiopia is  
low. According to studies in the country, this is due to poor nutrition, reproduction familiarity, management constraints  
and prevailing animal diseases (Alsan, 2012).  
Gastrointestinal helminthes are one of the main problems causing economic losses and diseases in animals. The  
effect of infection is determined by a combination of factors of which the varying susceptibility of the host species, the  
pathogenicity of the parasite species, the host/parasites interaction and the infective dose are the most important. The  
direct losses caused by these parasites are attributed to acute illness and death, premature slaughter and rejection of  
some parts during meat inspection. Indirect losses include the diminution of productive potential such as reduction of  
milk production in dairy cow, decreased growth rate, weight loss in young growing calves and late maturity of slaughter  
stock (Hansen and Perry, 1994).  
The most important helminthes parasites in cattle include nematodes (round worms), trematodes (flukes) and  
cestodes (tape worms). These parasitic infections are problem for both small- and large-scale farmers worldwide, but their  
impact is greater in sub-Saharan Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular due to the availability of a wide range of agro-  
ecological factors suitable for diversified hosts and parasite species (Tesfaye, 2006). A number of helminthes species are  
known to infect cattle worldwide. The most important ones include nematodes like Strongyle species (Haemonchus,  
Ostartagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia) and trematodes of economic importance Fasciola species (Fasciola hepatica and  
Fasciolagigantica) and Paraphistomum species (Paraphistomumcervei), while cestodes like Monezia species  
(Moneziabenideniand Moneziaexpanza) could also be important constraints in animal production (Onah and Nawa, 2000).  
There are many risk factors influencing the prevalence and severity of gastro intestinal (GI) helminthes. These  
include age, sex, weather condition and husbandry or management practices of host species (Khan et al., 2009). Young  
animals are most susceptible. The effect of these parasites is strongly dependent on the number of parasites and the  
nutritional status of the animals they are infecting. The major clinical signs are weight loss, reduced feed intake, diarrhea,  
59  
Citation: Ayele A, Abay M, Birhan M, Yayeh M, Erara M, Gessese T, Mohammed A and Demoze G (2020). Prevalence of bovine gastro intestinal parasitic infection in and  
around Kombolcha town, Ethiopia. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(2): 59-65. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr8  
and mortality reduced carcass quality and reduced wool production or quality (Radiostits et al., 2000). Young animals do  
not have a great deal of immunity to parasites during their first year at pasture. The second year, they have partial  
immunity and, although they may appear healthy, they eliminate many eggs. Adult animals are much less susceptible to  
most parasites, unless they are in poor living conditions (Hansen and Perry, 1994).  
Animals are sometimes kept in conditions that make them highly susceptible to parasites. In the case of recently  
dewormed animals, internal parasites no longer exist. There is thus no equilibrium and such an animal put into a  
contaminated pasture may be seriously affected. Animals in poor condition (e.g., recent illness, food shortages) are also  
highly susceptible (Keyyu et al., 2003).  
Previous reports on prevalence of helminthes parasites of cattle in different areas of Ethiopia showed that 71%,  
82.8%, 50.2%, 54.4%, 47.1% and 77.6% which is reported by Manaye, 2002 from highlands of Asella and its surrounding,  
Etsehiwot, 2004 in dairy cows in and around Holeta, (Regassa et al., 2006) in Western region of Oromia, Berhanu, 2008  
in West Shoa zone, Ephrem (Ephrem, 2007) in Addis Ababa dairy farms and Cherinet, 2009 in small holder dairy farms of  
Jimma town, respectively. A study conducted in and around Holeta in Ormamia region, Ethiopia, indicated that the overall  
prevalence parasitic infections of cattle were 82.8%. The predominant helminthes egg identified were trematodes  
(Fasciola and Paraphistomum species) (80.6%), Strongyle (66.25%), mixed infection (trematodes and Strongyle) 63.12%,  
while others such as Trichuris and Monezia 1.5% (Etsehiwot, 2004). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the  
current prevalence of Gastro intestinal helminthes parasites of cattle and its associated risk factors.  
To identify and determine the major GI helminthes, and its potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of  
gastro intestinal parasites in affecting cattle’s in and around Kombolcha.  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
Study area  
The study was conducted in Kombolcha town. It is situated in North Eastern part of Ethiopia, at 11o4’ 37”N and  
39o44’42”E at a distance of about 375 km from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, at south Wollo administration zone  
of Amhara national regional state. The area has an altitude range of 1500-1840 meter above sea level with three  
topographic categories 14% high altitude-Dega, 34% mid highland-weinadega, and 52% of low altitude-kola. The area  
experiences a bimodal rain fall with a minimum annual rain fall of 750-950 mm and a relative humidity from 25-80%.  
The average monthly recorded minimum and maximum temperature is 11.7oc and 27oc respectively (CSA, 2008).  
Study animals  
The study was performed on cattle which were randomly selected from those that were brought to the three  
veterinary clinics that are found in and around Kombolcha. A total of 384 heads of cattle were examined during the study  
period.  
Sample size and sampling methods  
Sample was taken from all animals come to three veterinary clinics available in and around Kombolcha town  
starting from October, 2017 to April 2018 to examine the prevalence of GI parasite infections of bovine in the area. The  
sample size was determined according to Thrusfield (2005). The other determinants considered in sample size  
determination were 95% confidence interval and 5% desired absolute precision. Based on the formula a total of 384  
cattle were taken as total sample size. Hence the sample size is estimated as:  
N = 1.96 [P (1-Pexp)]  
d²  
where;  
N = required sample size  
Pexp = Expected prevalence of nematode parasites  
d2 = desired absolute precision  
1.96 = the value of “z” at 95% level of confidence  
d =5%=0.5  
Study design  
A cross sectional study was carried out from October, 2017 to April 2018 to estimate the prevalence of bovine GI  
parasite infection and to identify possible risk factors for the occurrence of GI parasite infection in the area.  
Study methodology  
Fecal samples were collected directly from rectum of animals using disposable plastic globe. The samples were  
transferred into a clean fecal sampling bottle carefully and each sample was labeled accordingly and transported to  
Kombolcha regional veterinary laboratory for parasitological examination. Samples were kept in refrigerator at 4°C if  
immediate processing was not possible; however, all samples were processed within 48 hours. During the sample  
collection different factors like the breeds of animals, age and code given for individual animals as well as sample  
collection date were recorded for each sampled animals. Also their body conditions were registered. Parasitological  
60  
Citation: Ayele A, Abay M, Birhan M, Yayeh M, Erara M, Gessese T, Mohammed A and Demoze G (2020). Prevalence of bovine gastro intestinal parasitic infection in and  
around Kombolcha town, Ethiopia. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(2): 59-65. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr8  
techniques including direct fecal smear, sedimentation and floatation techniques were used to identify the eggs in feces  
microscopically for presence of parasite ova following their procedures. Identification of the eggs was made on the basis  
of their morphology. The presence of at least one parasite egg in either of the tests revealed as positive.  
Data analysis  
The collected data during the study periods were recorded carefully into MS- Excel spread sheet and descriptive  
statistics was used to determine the prevalence, while Chi-square analysis was employed to test the presence of variation  
between ages, sex, breed and body conditions of the animals involved in the study. Confidence level was set at 95% with  
statistical significance tested at p< 0.05 was set for significance. All statistical analysis was performed using Statistical  
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software package version 20.0.  
RESULTS  
A total of 384 cattle were sampled and examined for GI helminthes parasites and 153 (39.8%) were found to infected  
with one and/or more parasites. The prevalence of different type of parasites in cattle recorded were 60 (15.6%)  
Paramphistomum spp., 40 (10.4%) Strongyle type eggs, 33 (8.6%) Fasciola spp., 12 (3.1%) Trichuris species and 8 (2.1%)  
Toxocara species. The present study indicated that a higher prevalence of Paramphistomum species.  
The results showed association between prevalence of GI helminthes parasite and gender of the animal. Out of 130  
male animals examined, prevalence of Paraphistomum, Strongyle, Trichuris Fasciola, and Toxocara1 were reported as 25  
(6.5%), 9 (2.3%),7 (1.8%), 3 (0.8%), (0.3%); whereas 254 female animals examined were infected with Paraphistomum  
35 (9.1%), Strongyle 31 (8.1%), Fasciola 26 (6.8%), Trichuris 9 (2.3%), and Toxocara 7 (1.8%) parasite. There was  
relatively higher occurrence of all GI helminthes in female animals than male animals. But sex had no significant effect on  
the prevalence of helminthes parasite, except for strongyle type egg. P≤0.001. The prevalence study in the different age  
groups was also conducted and it was observed to be 9.6%, 20.9% and 9.3% in age categories of less than 2 years, 2 year  
to 5 year, and greater than 5 years respectively (Table 1). Higher prevalence rate was shown in 2- 5 years age of cattle.  
There was statistically significant p-value difference among the age groups in paramphistomum and strongyle  
(χ2=24.960, P≤0.001) and (χ2=17.047, P≤0.001). Comparison of different breeds of animals showed that there was  
significance difference only in strongyle type eggs (χ2=6.163, P≤0.001) with the prevalence of helminthes parasites  
(Table 3).  
Table 1 - Prevalence of the helminthes parasite between sexes of animals  
Items  
Male  
25  
-6.50%  
9
-2.30%  
7
-1.80%  
3
-0.80%  
1
-0.30%  
45  
Female  
35  
-9.10%  
31  
-8.10%  
26  
-6.80%  
9
-2.30%  
7
-1.80%  
108  
Total  
60  
-15.60%  
40  
-10.40%  
33  
-8.60%  
12  
-3.10%  
8
-2.10%  
153  
χ2  
p value  
0.164  
Paramphistomum  
1.938  
Strongyle  
Fasciola  
Trichurus  
Toxocara  
Total  
17.047  
2.577  
0.434  
1.664  
--  
0
0.108  
0.51  
0.197  
--  
-11.70%  
-28.10%  
-39.80%  
Table 2 - Prevalence of helminthes parasite in different age groups  
<2 age  
9
-2.30%  
15  
-3.90%  
9
-2.30%  
3
-0.80%  
1
-0.30%  
37  
2-5 age  
43  
-11.20%  
17  
-4.40%  
16  
-4.20%  
3
-0.80%  
1
-0.30%  
80  
>5 age  
8
-2.10%  
8
-2.10%  
8
-2.10%  
6
-1.50%  
6
-1.50%  
36  
Total  
Items  
χ2  
p value  
0
60  
-15.60%  
40  
-10.40%  
33  
-8.60%  
12  
-3.10%  
8
24.96  
Paramphistomum  
17.047  
5.138  
1.939  
4.445  
--  
0
Strongyle  
Fasciola  
Trichurus  
Toxocara  
Total  
0.077  
0.379  
0.108  
--  
-2.10%  
153  
-39.80%  
-9.60%  
-20.90%  
-9.30%  
61  
Citation: Ayele A, Abay M, Birhan M, Yayeh M, Erara M, Gessese T, Mohammed A and Demoze G (2020). Prevalence of bovine gastro intestinal parasitic infection in and  
around Kombolcha town, Ethiopia. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(2): 59-65. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr8  
Table 3 – Prevalence of different GI helminthes in animals of different body condition  
Poor  
20  
-5.20%  
20  
-5.20%  
5
-1.30%  
1
-0.30%  
2
-0.50%  
48  
Moderate  
35  
-9.10%  
20  
-5.20%  
26  
-6.80%  
9
-2.30%  
5
-1.30%  
95  
Good  
5
-1.30%  
0
0.00%  
2
-0.50%  
2
-0.50%  
1
-0.30%  
10  
Total  
60  
-15.60%  
40  
-10.40%  
33  
-8.60%  
12  
-3.10%  
8
-2.10%  
153  
Total  
χ2  
Items  
18.512  
0
Paramphistomum  
6.163  
5.867  
1
0.013  
0.053  
0.607  
0.706  
--  
Strongyle  
Fasciola  
Trichurus  
Toxocara  
Total  
0.697  
--  
-12.50%  
-24.70%  
-2.60%  
-39.80%  
Table 4 - Prevalence of different GI helminthes between cattle breeds  
Items  
Male  
51  
-13.30%  
37  
Female  
9
-2.30%  
3
Total  
χ2  
p value  
0.102  
60  
-15.60%  
40  
2.67  
Paramphistomum  
6.163  
2.091  
2.378  
0.015  
--  
0.001  
0.148  
0.123  
0.902  
--  
Strongyle  
Fasciola  
Trichurus  
Toxocara  
Total  
-9.60%  
22  
-5.70%  
7
-1.80%  
6
-1.60%  
123  
-0.80%  
11  
-2.90%  
5
-1.30%  
2
-0.50%  
30  
-10.40%  
33  
-8.60%  
12  
-3.10%  
8
-2.10%  
153  
-11.70%  
-28.10%  
-39.80%  
DISCUSSION  
The overall prevalence of helminthes infection of cattle in the present study was 39.8%. This result is very close to the  
report on gastrointestinal helminthes prevalence rate of 41.2% (Ephrem, 2007) and 26.3% (Darsema, 2009) in Western  
Amhara region, Ethiopia respectively. In addition, Keyyu et al. (2006) reported an overall prevalence of 44.4 and 37.0%  
for large and small scale dairy cattle, respectively in Tanzania. In contrast, the present study was lower as compared to  
the prevalence of GI helminthes obtained in dairy cows by Cherinet (2009) and Etsehiwot (2004) who indicated 77.6% in  
small holder dairy farms of Jimma town and 82.8% in dairy cows in and around Holeta respectively. Differences in the  
prevalence of GI parasite (Table 4) between the different studies could be due to variation in management system,  
topography, deworming practices, and climatic condition that favor the survival of infective stage of the parasite and  
intermediate hosts.  
According to the current study result which indicated the prevalent helminthes egg were 60 (15.6%)  
Paramphistomum spp., 40 (10.4%) Strongyle type eggs, 33 (8.6%) Fasciola spp. 12 (3.1%) Trichuris species and 8 (2.1%)  
Toxocara spp. In this result, the Paramphistomum species were highly prevalent than other parasite.  
The present study showed that, there was higher occurrence of all GI helminthes in female 108 (70.6%) animals  
than male 45 (29.4%) animals. But sex (Table 1) had no influence on the prevalence of helminthes parasite. Insignificant  
difference between sexes is similar with previous results reported (Teka, 2008; Manaye, 2002) except significant  
difference between sexes on the prevalence of strongyle species which was 31 (12.2%) in females and 9 (6.9%) in males.  
A significant variation was observed between different age (Table 2) groups in which young animals were higher  
number of eggs than adults particularly for paramphistomum and strongyle. This might be due to a limited previous  
exposure and immaturity of the immune system that resulted in higher development of the parasite. This finding is in  
harmony with reports of (Manaye, 2002) on bovine GI helminthes in Asella and its surrounding highlands. Watson and Gill  
(1991) reflected common ground which young animals are believed to be more susceptible to parasitic and non-parasitic  
infections.  
The coprological examination of collected fecal sample revealed there was significant difference among body  
condition) of paramphistomum and strongyle. Which was higher in lower body condition animal’s and lower in good body  
condition animals. This finding contradicts the findings of Manaye (2002) who reported absence of significant difference  
on the prevalence of helminthes in animals of different body condition. This might be that the animal in previous study  
62  
Citation: Ayele A, Abay M, Birhan M, Yayeh M, Erara M, Gessese T, Mohammed A and Demoze G (2020). Prevalence of bovine gastro intestinal parasitic infection in and  
around Kombolcha town, Ethiopia. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(2): 59-65. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr8  
done by Manaye (2002) could be in the good plane of nutrition that enables them to support parasite infection without  
showing clinical helminthiosis. But animals in the current study were possibly feed on crop residue like wheat and teff  
straw that is less nutritious, and infected animals can easily show clinical helminthiosis.  
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  
Based on the current study the most predominant GI helminth parasites identified in this study were paramphistomum, st  
rongyle, Fasciola, Trichuris and Toxocara. Geographical location of the study area, body condition, age, sex, and  
anthelmintic therapy status considered as risk factors for helminthes infection; and had a varying degree of contribution  
for helminthes infection. The overall prevalence and the prevalence of the different types of parasites of cattle recorded in  
the current study are high enough to limit and constraint cattle production of the district. Based on the above conclusion,  
the following recommendations are forwarded:  
Intensive emphasis should be given for prevention of GI helminthes parasites in and around Kombolcha as the  
prevalence was found high.  
Cattle should be treated with effective broad spectrum anthelmintic as there were many co-infection cases in the  
study areas.  
Young cattle should receive great attention as they were found significantly susceptible categories to  
helminthiosis.  
This study did not consider the management and feeding systems, seasonal helminthes dynamics, and  
identification of parasite to species level. Therefore, future detailed works should be undertaken.  
DECLARATIONS  
Consent to publish  
Not applicable.  
Competing interests  
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  
Funding  
This study was funded by the University of Gondar. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not  
necessarily express the views of the funding organization. The University of Gondar was not involved in the design of the  
study, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.  
Authors' contributions  
MB conceived the study, coordinated the overall activity, and carried out the statistical analysis, drafted the  
manuscript and participated in the design of the study, and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the  
final manuscript. AY participated in drafting and reviewing the manuscript. MA conceived the study, coordinated the  
overall activity, and reviewed the manuscript and participated in drafting and reviewing the manuscript.  
Availability of data and materials  
Data will be made available up on request of the primary author  
Acknowledgment  
The authors’ heartfelt thanks the University of Gondar, Research and Community Service V/President for the  
financially supporting in the study  
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